Breaking the blood brain barrier
The Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) is a selective structural and functional barrier between the circulatory system and the cerebral environment, playing an essential role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis by limiting the passage of harmful molecules. Exosomes, nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cell types into body fluids, have emerged as a major mediator of intercellular communication.
Notably, these vesicles can cross the BBB and regulate its physiological functions. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which exosomes regulate the BBB remain unclear. Recent research studies focused on the positive effect of exosomes on the BBB, particularly in the context of their involvement in the onset and progression of various cerebral disorders, including solid and metastatic brain tumors, stroke, neurodegenerative, and neuro-inflammatory diseases.
where do exosomes come from
Exosomes are formed through the endocytic pathway, where cell membrane invagination generates early endosomes that mature into multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), containing vesicles that will become exosomes.
The cargo of exosomes is selectively loaded during MVB formation, including proteins, lipids, and RNA, depending on the cell type and state. Upon fusion of MVBs with the plasma membrane, exosomes are released into the extracellular space, where they interact with and are taken up by nearby or distant cells, influencing their behavior.
Exosomes play key roles in physiological processes, such as immune response, tissue repair, and development, and are implicated in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration. Researchers are exploring exosome-based therapies for drug delivery and regenerative medicine, though no approved treatments exist in the United States.
how do exosomes work?
Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transferring molecular signals and essential components between cells, enabling recipient cells to adjust their biology or behavior. Efficient uptake processes, such as endocytosis and membrane fusion, facilitate the influence of exosome contents on cellular decision-making.
In essence, exosomes act as molecular couriers, distributing vital proteins, enzymes, microRNAs, cytokines, lipids, and genetic material to regulate gene expression and cellular responses to environmental cues to contribute healing of injured diseased tissues and organs.
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Disclaimer:
We emphasize that mesenchymal stem cells, Exosomes, and Wharton’s jelly are not provided for the prevention, treatment, or cure of any medical condition. Statements on this website regarding potential treatments have not been evaluated or approved by the FDA. This presentation is informational only, with no medical advice provided. It is targeted at healthcare professionals. All statements and opinions are educational and informational; we do not diagnose or treat via this presentation, website, or telephone. No claims are made about FDA approval or efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell Exosomes. We do not claim effectiveness for any listed or unlisted conditions. Prospective patients should research options presented and consult their physicians.